Bibliography |
Page 9 |
Amoeba -The amoeba is a tiny, singel-celled organism, ~1 mm across, that live in fresh water (like puddle and ponds), in salt water, in wet soil, and in animals (including people).
Copepods (Kope = Greek for "oar" Podos = Greek for "foot") -Hence Copepod = oar-footed, referring to the pair of swimming legs on the same part of the back, skeletal muscles of the back, body wall and limbs that are moved together, like the oars of a sculling shell.
Deep Sea Sediment - Sediments collected, using a research vessel, in the deep oceans. These sediments contain a geologic record of material deposited through the past.
Elphidium excavatum (Figure 6) - A most abundant calcareous foraminifer in cold-water areas (temperatures below 2°C) on the Arctic shelves; inhabits all sediment types; has a complex pattern of distribution; often dominates in extreme environments, such as low salinities, turbid waters, and low food supply, including sites proximal to tidewater glaciers. E.e.clavatum tests are found in the deep Arctic Ocean, where they are believed to be deposited from shelves.
Foraminifera (forams)- Live in the ocean. Different species of foraminifera thrive at different water temperatures.
G. ruber (Figure 7)- This species occurs in two varieties. One produces white shells and occurs in all oceans while the other variety produces pink shells and is restricted to the Atlantic. White forms belong to the dominating species in tropical and subtropical planktic foraminifera. The most obvious relationships exist with sea surface temperature. Both forms show a clear distribution pattern somewhat skewed towards higher temperatures with a distinctly narrower range in summer temperatures. Pink variants prefer warmer habitats than white variants (Bé & Hamlin, 1967). The relation of sea surface salinity and relative abundance is unique in G. ruber (white). Globigerinoides ruber (pink) shows relationships that are notably different from those of G. ruber (white) which suggest distinctly different adaptations. This is also expressed in the biogeographic distribution evident from the plots of relative abundance vs. latitude. G. ruber (white) shows clear maxima in northern and southern warm subtropical areas. G. ruber (pink) is most abundant in the tropics.
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (Figure 4 and 5) - The most abundant planktonic foraminifer of high latitudes and as any planktonic foraminifer, avoids low-salinity and shallow waters. The left-coiled morphotype prevails at lowest temperatures and occurs throughout the Arctic Ocean. On the Barents-Kara shelf, tests of N.pachyderma are abundant mostly in sediments underlying Atlantic-derived waters, that is, in troughs 300-600 mwd extending from the continental margin to the shelf interior. ((http://www-bprc.mps.ohiostate.edu/foram/species/elphidium_exc.htm))
Paleo temperature - Temperature of ancient environments some time before the present.
Protists - Includes many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae. They are all eukaryotic creatures, meaning their DNA is enclosed in a nucleus inside the cell (unlike bacteria, which are prokaryotic and have no nucleus to enclose their DNA).
Radiolarians (Figure 8) -The majority of radiolarians are protozoa that have a soft anatomy surrounded by a siliceous (silica) skeletons. They have existed since the beginning of the Paleozoic era (600 million years ago) and include an astonishing diversity of intricate shapes that have radial symmetry, often marked by radial skeletal spines.
Reticulopodia - A network of thin extensions of the cytoplasm of forams that move and catch food.
Pseudopodia - Literally translates as "fake foot," and are just extensions of the cytoplasm toward which the rest of the cytoplasm tends to flow (as in amoeba).
Tests- Foraminifera shells commonly divided into chambers which are added during growth, though the simplest forms are open tubes or hollow spheres. Depending on the species, the shell may be made of organic compounds, sand grains and other particles cemented together, or crystalline calcite.
Years before present (ybp) – a method of dating geologically that starts with the present time and counts backward in to time.
